METHODOLOGY FOR FIRE LOAD CALCULATION STUDY
Fire load calculation is crucial for fire safety and risk assessment in buildings and industrial facilities. It represents the total combustible materials within a space, essential for determining fire severity.
METHODOLOGY FOR SAFETY REPORT SCHEDULE 7
Introduction Objective: Ensure compliance with Schedule 7 requirements under the MSIHC Rules. Client Context: Introduce the client and their facilities covered in the Safety Report. Facility Identification and Classification Identification Process: Classify facilities within the client’s operations based on Schedule 7 criteria. Criteria for Classification: Explain the criteria for classifying facilities under Schedule 7. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Methodology for Hazard Identification: Describe the approach for identifying and assessing hazards. Risk Assessment: Evaluate risks using qualitative and quantitative methodologies. Safety Management System (SMS) Review Existing SMS Evaluation: Assess the effectiveness of the client’s SMS against Schedule 7 requirements. Gap Analysis: Identify gaps or deficiencies in the SMS and propose enhancements. Emergency Preparedness and Response Emergency Planning: Develop and review emergency response plans. Training and Drills: Conduct training sessions and emergency drills.
METHODOLOGY FOR N2 INERTIZATION AND VALIDATION
VALIDATION PROCEDURE FOR N₂ INERTIZATION N₂ inertization is required in three steps: N₂ inertization in the vessel before transferring/charging of the first flammable chemical. N₂ inertization in the vessel during the process (reaction/unit operation). N₂ inertization in the vessel during empty out.
METHODOLOGY FOR STORAGE TANK N2 INERTIZATION
N₂ Inertization Concept The volume of nitrogen gas required to inertize the tank during its operation depends on: The volume of inbreathing gas while the liquid is moved out of the tank. The contraction or condensation of vapors in the tank due to atmospheric temperature changes. N₂ inertization is done to provide an inert atmosphere in storage tanks storing flammable, combustible, or reactive liquids. The volume of N₂ required under normal operating conditions is almost equal to the volumetric rate of liquid discharge from the tank. Sudden atmospheric changes and temperature drops can cause vapor contraction and condensation, creating a vacuum and necessitating additional nitrogen to fill the vacuum space. As per API, calculations for thermal breathing requirements are based on a temperature drop of 37.8°C within 1 hour. N₂ Inertization Process According to API 2000: Venting Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Storage Tanks, the design of the nitrogen inertization system depends on the total normal inbreathing capacity, which is the sum of the inbreathing requirements for liquid movement and thermal effect. During inbreathing, nitrogen is provided instead of air to achieve an inert atmosphere within the storage tank. The nitrogen supply line is connected to the storage tank via a breather valve. As the liquid in the tank is pumped out or drained, or due to contraction or condensation of vapors in the storage tanks, a vacuum is created, triggering the breather valve to open and let nitrogen gas occupy the vacuum space. The tank is maintained at atmospheric pressure with the help of the breather valve opening to provide nitrogen, protecting the tank against any vacuum while maintaining inert conditions.
METHODOLOGY FOR STORAGE TANK/VESSELS - VENT SIZING
Vent Sizing Concept The normal vent sizing requirements are based on: Normal Venting Requirements: Due to liquid movement in or out of the tank. Thermal Breathing Requirements: Due to changes in weather conditions affecting the vapor space temperature. In this report, breathing requirements due to fire exposure or any other emergency situations are not considered. Inbreathing occurs when: Liquid is moved out of the tank. Vapor contracts or condenses due to a decrease in vapor space temperature (thermal breathing). Outbreathing occurs when: Liquid is moved into the tank. Vapor expands or vaporizes due to an increase in vapor space temperature (thermal breathing).
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