METHODOLOGY FOR HAZARD OPERABILITY (HAZOP) STUDY
The purpose of HAZOP Study is to identify the hazard and operability problems and to reduce the probability and consequences of an incident in the process facilities that would have a detrimental impact to the personnel, plant, properties, environment and company reputation. This Method describes the organization, study methods and recording requirements for HAZOP studies. Its purpose is to advise both HAZOP team members and other members of a project, of the approach to be adopted as well as the other contributions required from individuals. It is based upon considered worldwide best practices and international benchmarks in HAZOP deployment and management.
METHODOLOGY FOR HAZARD IDENTIFICATION (HAZID)
HAZID (Hazard Identification) is a technique for early identification of potential hazards and threats from a project, plant, or a plant modification. It is therefore likely to be the first formal HSE-related study for any new project. The major benefit of HAZID is that early identification and assessment of the critical HSE hazards provides essential input to project development decisions. This will lead to safer and more cost-effective design options being adopted with a minimum cost of change penalty.
METHODOLOGY FOR ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS (RCA)
Root Cause Analysis (RCA) is a structured methodology used to identify the underlying causes of problems, incidents, or failures. It aims to go beyond addressing immediate symptoms and instead seeks to understand the fundamental reasons why an issue occurred. The primary goal of RCA is to prevent the recurrence of problems by addressing their root causes. It helps organizations improve processes, systems, and performance by understanding why things go wrong.
METHODOLOGY FOR DUST HAZARD ANALYSIS
This standard shall provide the minimum general requirements necessary to manage the fire, flash fire, and explosion hazards posed by combustible dusts and directs the user to other NFPA standards for industry- and commodity-specific requirements.
METHODOLOGY FOR STORAGE TANK N2 INERTIZATION
N₂ Inertization Concept The volume of nitrogen gas required to inertize the tank during its operation depends on: The volume of inbreathing gas while the liquid is moved out of the tank. The contraction or condensation of vapors in the tank due to atmospheric temperature changes. N₂ inertization is done to provide an inert atmosphere in storage tanks storing flammable, combustible, or reactive liquids. The volume of N₂ required under normal operating conditions is almost equal to the volumetric rate of liquid discharge from the tank. Sudden atmospheric changes and temperature drops can cause vapor contraction and condensation, creating a vacuum and necessitating additional nitrogen to fill the vacuum space. As per API, calculations for thermal breathing requirements are based on a temperature drop of 37.8°C within 1 hour. N₂ Inertization Process According to API 2000: Venting Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Storage Tanks, the design of the nitrogen inertization system depends on the total normal inbreathing capacity, which is the sum of the inbreathing requirements for liquid movement and thermal effect. During inbreathing, nitrogen is provided instead of air to achieve an inert atmosphere within the storage tank. The nitrogen supply line is connected to the storage tank via a breather valve. As the liquid in the tank is pumped out or drained, or due to contraction or condensation of vapors in the storage tanks, a vacuum is created, triggering the breather valve to open and let nitrogen gas occupy the vacuum space. The tank is maintained at atmospheric pressure with the help of the breather valve opening to provide nitrogen, protecting the tank against any vacuum while maintaining inert conditions.
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